hitler's art dealer rudolphnba combine vertical jump record

Ad Choices. Long before he rose to become a ruthless dictator, the Nazi leader was a struggling young artist. Yet he stole from Hitler too, allegedly to save modern art. He described these works as his 'unpainted paintings'. Nana is herself an artist, and we spent three hours in her studio in Schwabing, about half a mile from Corneliuss apartment, looking at reproductions of her grandfathers work and tracing his remarkable careerhow he had transcendently documented the horrors he had lived through on the front lines of both wars, at one point being forbidden by the Gestapo to paint or even buy art materials. Fortunately for them, the Nazis documented everything, and Booth finds the third bejeweled egg in a box marked as Cleopatra. However, although Booth finds the third egg, its Hartley and the Bishop who deliver it to the Egyptian billionaire. It took till September 2011, a full year after the incident on the train, for a judge to issue a search warrant for Gurlitts apartment, on the grounds of suspected tax evasion and embezzlement. "There's a market here." Adolf Hitler with his half-nice and lover Geli Raubal (Image: rodoh.info) A dolf Hitler was the personification of evil. COLLECTION AGENT Josef Gockeln, the mayor of Dsseldorf; Corneliuss father, Hildebrand; and Paul Kauhausen, director of Dsseldorfs municipal archives, circa 1949., from picture alliance/dpa/vg bild-kunst. Rudolph Zeich, Hitler's art and antiquities dealer, left Germany for Argentina with 16 five-ton shipping containers filled with all the treasures that the Nazis gathered during their reign of terror. But Lanny's motivations are not just political: The woman he loves has fallen into the brutal hands of the . At the press conference for the exhibition in Bonn, Ekkeheart Gurlitt, an elderly cousin of Cornelius Gurlitt, outrageously swaggery in his cowboy hat, neck wreathed in great gobbets of amber, denounces the work of the exhibition makers in no uncertain terms. Skilled art dealers were sought for the Nazis' newly founded business. Petropoulos is the author of several authoritative, lucidly written and important books about the arts in the Third Reich, including The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? Adolf Hitler was an artista modern artist, at thatand Nazism was a movement shaped by his aesthetic sensibility. Petropoulos portrays himself as a victim of Grieberts intrigue, and says he did not know the painting was controlled by Lohse. The twin Walking Horses, by Josef Thorak (1889-1952), were among . He suspects Lohse kept for himself some of the works he acquired for Gring. After the war, with his collection largely intact, Hildebrand moved to Dsseldorf, where he continued to deal in artworks. After the artworks were seized, Meike Hoffmann, an art historian with the Degenerate Art Research Center at Berlins Free University, was brought in to trace their provenance. Skilled art dealers were sought for the Nazis' newly founded business. There is a lot of interest among the descendants of Holocaust victims in getting back artworks that were looted by the Nazis, for getting at least some form of compensation and closure for the horrors visited upon their families. More than 20,000 works were confiscated in all. Prior to working for the Nazis, Hildebrand Gurlitt headed the Knig Albert Museum in Zwickau, where he planned to build up a collection of modern art. Hildebrand Gurlitt's life story is the focus of art historian Meike Hoffmann's research. He was chancellor of Germany from 30 January, 1933, and Fhrer and chancellor combined from 2 August 1934. Adolf Hitler's favorite artists and artwork, promoted throughout Nazi Germany and shunned as a result by the world for decades, is now on fire, with art collectors in America and Europe paying more than $150,000, to twice that. Cosmopolitan Vienna incubated his peculiar genius as well as his hideous ideas. Die Wiener Rothschilds. Image courtesy of Behrouz Mehri, Getty Images. He became Hitler's art dealer. Hess was a special case. He wrote that he had come to regard the works that had ended up in his possession not as my property, but rather as a kind of fief that I have been assigned to steward. Cornelius felt that he had also inherited the duty to protect them, just as his father had from the Nazis, the bombs, and the Americans. A portion of the works that had been unethically acquired by the Nazis landed in Gurlitt's personal collection. From March 1941 to July 1944, 29 large shipments including 137 freight cars filled with 4,174 crates containing 21,903 art objects of all kinds went to Germany. The collection could be worth more than a billion dollars. But after the Nazis rose to power and banned art they considered "degenerate" - mainly innovative, Modern pieces - he mixed politics with business. In 2012, over 1,000 artworks were found in his apartment, including masterpieces by Marc Chagall, Max Liebermann, Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso. Haberstock was described on the O.S.S.s red-flag name list as the leading Nazi art dealer, the most prolific German buyer in Paris, and regarded in all quarters as the most important German art figure. He had been involved in the campaign against Degenerate Art from 1933 to 1939 and in 1936 had become Hitlers personal dealer. 5 at 1 Artur-Kutscher-Platz. He was like a character in a Russian novelintense, obsessed, isolated, and increasingly out of touch with reality. She became . All you have proved is that six of these works have been looted! Corneliuss cousin, Ekkeheart Gurlitt, a photographer in Barcelona, said that Cornelius was a lone cowboy, a lonely soul, and a tragic figure. Examples of these will be the strongest proof for the necessity of a radical solution to the Jewish question.. The works that were suitable to the Fhrers taste were shipped to Germany. The old man produced an Austrian passport that said he was Rolf Nikolaus Cornelius Gurlitt, born in Hamburg in 1932. His subsequent position as head of the Kunstverein in Hamburg was also short-lived. The Bishop acquires the first two and tortures Hartley so that Booth will reveal where the third egg is. Petropoulos does not mince his wordsLohse, he says, ranks in the top five among historys all-time art looters. The art dealer Peter Jahn, who later searched for Hitler's artwork on behalf of the NSDAP, attested to the extremely good relationship between Hitler and Morgenstern. However, in 1907, a farmer found two of those eggs outside Cairo, but the third remained missing. As Hitler came to power, in 1933, he declared merciless war on cultural disintegration. He ordered an aesthetic purge of the entartete Knstler, the degenerate artists, and their work, which to him included anything that deviated from classic representationalism: not only the new Expressionism, Cubism, Dadaism, Fauvism, futurism, and objective realism, but the salon-acceptable Impressionism of van Gogh and Czanne and Matisse and the dreamy abstracts of Kandinsky. In the 1920s, as a successful museum director in the Weimar Republic, he had put on shows of work by the moderns, arguing that it was the new work by such painters as Beckman which would serve 'as a bait for everything spiritual', as he put it. Was his work not the very epitome of Germanness? German task force finds five Nazi-looted works in Gurlitt trove, How Germany has dealt with Nazi-looted art after spectacular Gurlitt case, Task force investigating art trove inherited from Nazi collector achieved 'embarrassing' results, Ukraine updates: Russia says defense minister visits Donbas, Russian mercenary chief says Bakhmut almost fully encircled, 'The future is now': Jewish war refugees in Ukraine. It was presented as nothing less than the story of the wheelings and dealings of Hitler's principal art dealer and here was the loot perhaps, in the custody of his 80-year-old, reclusive son, in the full dazzle of publicity. They first double-cross Booth, revealing that they are lovers and partners-in-crime, and then they betray the billionaire by contacting Interpol. And, most interesting of all, they present in great detail the convoluted, morally dubious story of Hildebrand Gurlitt himself within the context of the tumultuous times through which he lived. August 11, 2002. . Its contents included Le Quai Malaquais, Printemps (1903), a painting by Camille Pissarro that the Jewish family from whom it had been looted in Vienna had been trying to trace for 70 years. In late December, just before his 81st birthday, Cornelius was admitted to a clinic in Munich, where he remains. It was 10.24pm on Saturday, May 10, 1941, as the beetle-browed German's twin-engined Me-110 snarled over the coast, all but skimming the roofs of sleepy Bamburgh. Published 6:15 AM EST, Mon February 20, 2017. But all forms were targeted in his aesthetic cleansing campaign. She was born into a lower middle-class Bavarian family and was educated at the Catholic Young Women's Institute in Simbach-am-Inn. Then the press got wind of it. On September 22, 2010, a stooped, white-haired man in his late 70s taking an evening train from Zurich to Munich was asked by customs officers why he was crossing the Swiss border. This admission stops the torture, and then the Bishop double-crosses her temporary partner Voce before leaving. That is why the works on these walls were so dangerous, because they had the power, in Hitler's opinion, to deprave the human spirit. In the basement of the Kunstmuseum Bern, 150 of the 1,500 works in the Gurlitt estate have gone on display, all examples of what Hitler and his cronies characterised as 'degenerate art'. Adolf Hitler's art dealer ordered the painting, along with others from the famous Gutmann collection, shipped to Germany in exchange for the couple's safe passage from the Netherlands to Italy. Hildebrand got a 5 percent commission on each transaction. What fascinates us above all things else is the realisation that Hitler, a poor artist himself, took art so seriously, that he believed in its power to transform human lives. And after the war, under close scrutiny at the denazification tribunal, he slipped through the net that appeared to be closing around him by characterising. Hildebrand bought, sold, and acquired work for German museums and other collectors, and amassed works for his own private collection, enriching himself in the process. In brief: Rudolf Hess (1894-1987), Deputy Fhrer and considered to be the number 3 man in Hitler's Germany after Gring. Gurlitt had contact with 'all the museums'. Sign up to our monthly newsletter, This article was featured in our free monthly Book Club newsletter. The third egg was among them. Jewish groups have already decried the snail's pace of the investigation. Here are many works which Hitler himself would have favoured, 18th-century French paintings, for example, of which his own hero, Frederick the Great, would have approved, and consequently the kinds of art that might yet be shown in the Fuhrer Museum in Linz, a grandiose scheme which was never realised. By 1944, Gurlitt had closed thousands of art deals for the Nazis and collected numerous artworks for the museum Hitler himself was planning to found in the small city of Linz on the Rhine River. Rudolph Zeich, Hitler's art and antiquities dealer, left Germany for Argentina with 16 five-ton shipping containers filled with all the treasures that the Nazis gathered during their reign of terror. But the damage was done; the floodgates of outrage were open. It almost beggars believe that the fate of Expressionism was decided at a rally in Nuremberg. The total collapse of Germany. A legal guardian was appointed by the district court of Munich, an intermediate type of guardian who does not have the power to make decisions but is brought in when someone is overwhelmed with understanding and exercising his rights, especially in complex legal matters. How the collection had ended up in Cornelius Gurlitts Munich apartment is a tragic saga, which begins in 1892 with the publication of the physician and social critic Max Nordaus book Entartung (Degeneration). Vile stuff - but the Nazi attitude to modern art may have been radically misunderstood. List of all 20 artworks by Adolf Hitler. The art had belonged to his father Hildebrand, who had been a museum director and art dealer from the time of the Weimar Republic in the 1920s, and throughout the Third Reich and on. Together with "Tagesspiegel" journalist Nicola Kuhn, she recently published his biography in German, titled "Hitlers Knsthndler," or "Hitler's Art Dealer. According to Der Spiegel, the last movie he saw was in 1967. The classical and the realistic, in a world shown to be settled, orderly and steady, were his ideals. What could have brought his country to its knees? hitler's art dealer rudolph 16 .. Later in 1945, Baron von Plnitz was arrested and the Gurlitts were joined by more than 140 emaciated, traumatized survivors of the concentration camps, most of them under 20. He rarely traveledhe had gone to Paris, once, with his sister years ago. It was the commissions job to sell the degenerate art abroad, which could be used for worthy purposes like acquiring old masters for the huge museumit was going to be the biggest in the worldthe Fhrer was planning to build in Linz, Austria. A dolf Hitler is considered one of the most infamous and disliked individuals in history. Germany steps up fight against child obesity, Belgian court paves way for Iran prisoner swap treaty, Palestinians in occupied West Bank live with uncertainty, Biden thanks Scholz for 'profound' German support on Ukraine, Thousands of migrants have died in South Texas. In 1937, out of favor and expressing his disgust with Nazi philistinism, Laban fled to France and then England, where he found refuge at Dartington Hall, a progressive school in Devon. After arriving in Argentina, the Nazis built a bunker and stored all the treasures there. Only Picasso expressed himself as masterfully in so many styles: Expressionism, Cubism, Dadaism, Impressionism, abstract, grotesque hyper-realism. His Munich circle encompassed Grings daughter Edda and the Reichsmarschalls former secretary, Gisela Limberger. The investigators began to wonder: Was there a connection between Hildebrand Gurlitt and Cornelius Gurlitt? Forced to disperse his collection, he fled to Switzerland, then Italy, and finally America, where he died in Lake Placid, New York, in 1943. He was doing what he could to save these wonderful and important maligned pictures, which would otherwise have been burned by the SS. So why did provenience researchers only resolve five cases before wrapping up their mandate? The gentleman,. Facing "economic hardship," prosecuting attorneys say Max Emden sold his paintings to a German art dealer collecting art for Hitler's Fhrermuseum in Austria. "That's when I started to think about publishing something on Hildebrand Gurlitt," recalled the author. In 1960, Helene sold four paintings from her late husbands collection, one of them a portrait of Bertolt Brecht by Rudolf Schlichter, and bought two apartments in an expensive new building in Munich. Susan Ronald reveals in this stranger-than-fiction-tale how Hildebrand Gurlitt succeeded in looting in the name of the Third Reich, duping the Monuments Men and the Nazis alike. Wounds have been torn open. An international task force, under the Berlin-based Bureau of Provenance Research and led by the retired deputy to Germanys commissioner for culture and media, Ingeborg Berggreen-Merkel, was appointed to take over the task. It wasn't until fall 2013 that the Gurlitt case was made public. And yet with a little more digging they discovered that he had been living in Schwabing, one of Munichs nicer neighborhoods, in a million-dollar-plus apartment for half a century. 'We even hope to make money from the garbage,' quipped Goebbels. As reported by the German newsweekly Der Spiegel, while making his way down the aisle, one of the officers came upon a frail, well-dressed, white-haired man traveling alone and asked for his papers. He is an embarrassment. What you are seeing here are the crippled products of madness, impertinence, and lack of talent, Adolf Ziegler, the president of the Reich Chamber of Visual Arts, in Munich, and curator of the Degenerate Art show, said at its opening. He resumed his dad's story and brought his father's prized watch into the conversation. When German authorities investigating a peculiar tax-evasion case raided the small, Munich apartment of 80-year-old recluse Cornelius Gurlitt in 2012, they seized 1,280 works of art . Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Two exhibitions in Germany are displaying works from the collection of Hildebrand Gurlitt, a man with Jewish heritagewho wheeled and dealed for the Third Reich when they confiscated 'degenerate art' from museums and Jewish collectors, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. Un-German books like the works of Kafka, Freud, Marx, and H. G. Wells were burned; jazz and other atonal music was verboten, although this was less rigidly enforced. My great-grandfather, Paul Byk, was a Jewish art dealer who lived and worked in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s, and he was extremely lucky to . In the days that followed, Cornelius sat bereft in his empty apartment. The commissions work culminated in the Degenerate Art show that year, which opened in Munich a day after The Great German Art Exhibition of approved blood and soil pictures that inaugurated the monumental, new House of German Art, on Prinzregentenstrasse. Germany's national archives also served as a source. On April 14, 1945, with Hitlers suicide and Germanys surrender only weeks away, Allied troops entered Aschbach. What was Hitler's view of art? After finding out about the coordinates, Booth had the watch repaired. The two exhibitions put on display 400 of the 1500 works in the Gurlitt collection, 250 in Bonn and 150 in Bern. In December, the German television show Kulturzeit reported that as many as 30 claims have been made on the same Matisse, which illustrates the problem Ronald Lauder described to me: When you put them up on the Internet, everybody says, Hey, I remember my uncle had a picture like this. . A week later, Holzinger announced the creation of a Web site, gurlitt.info, which included this statement from Cornelius: Some of what has been reported about my collection and myself is not correct or not quite correct. To those with knowledge of Germany's art world during Hitler's . he thunders. the latter eventually tells the Bishop that the last egg is in a secret chamber inside the Great Pyramid in Egypt. Hildebrand Gurlitt applied for a job in what was advertised as Department IX of the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and. Sign up here for features, exclusive extracts, author interviews and art world recommendations sent straight to your inbox. Could he have been living off the quiet sale of artworks? Once they are inside, Booth and Hartley discover that the chamber is filled with precious items, and searching for the third egg in there will be akin to looking for a needle in a haystack. Adolf Hitler's art collection was a large accumulation of paintings which he gained before and during the events of WWII. In 1925, when Geli was just 17 years old, Adolf Hitler invited her mother Angela to become the . How outrageous is it that, 70 years after the war, Germany still has no restitution law for art stolen by the Nazis? In anger, he threw the watch against the wall, breaking it into pieces. Hitler was eighteen years old when, in 1908, he moved from Linz and took up residence in Vienna. And, what is more, he kept much of what he had acquired. Mary K. Jacob. The art would then be transported by Grings private train to his country estate outside Berlin. They found Haberstock and his collection and Gurlitt, with 47 crates of art objects, in the castle. He wanted avant-garde art to play its part in bringing about a social revolution. One of the heirs is Rosenbergs granddaughter Anne Sinclair, the ex-wife of Dominique Strauss-Kahn and a well-known French political commentator who runs Le Huffington Post. The Monuments Menapproximately 345 men and women with fine-arts expertise who were charged with protecting Europes monuments and cultural treasures, and the subject of the George Clooney filmwere brought in. At The History Place - A short biography of Nazi Rudolf Hess. Not much is known about Corneliuss upbringing. Aschbach Castle had been made into a displaced-persons camp. He was chancellor from January 30, 1933, and, after President Paul von Hindenburg's death, assumed the twin titles of Fhrer and chancellor . The artists were culturally Judeo-Bolshevik, and the whole modern-art scene was dominated by Jewish dealers, gallery owners, and collectors. Of all the Nazi leaders Hess seemed the most devoted to his chief. Glaser and his wife, Elsa, were major supporters, collectors, and influential cognoscenti of the art of the Weimar period, and friends with Matisse and Kirchner. This law alone protected animals in many ways: It was a crime to abuse animals. The pieces are still in a warehouse in a sort of limbo. Ein Krimi | The Vienna Rothschilds. He became Hitler's art dealer. In one cabinet there are leather-bound volumes showing off works newly acquired it. Hildebrand also entered the abandoned homes of rich Jewish collectors and carted off their pictures. That accusation led to the discovery of an extraordinary trove of art in his apartment in a very respectable part of Munich. Provenance research into these works has never been published and they have been distributed among Lohses many heirs, or sold discreetly. She smiles. As an "official dealer" for Hitler and Goebbels, Hildebrand Gurlitt became one of the Third Reich's most prolific art looters. RUDOLF HESS: DEPUTY TO ADOLF HITLER 18941987. Hildebrand was permitted to acquire degenerate works himself, as long as he paid for them in hard foreign currency, an opportunity that he took full advantage of. Years on, there was to be a final solution. Hildebrand had died in a car accident in 1956. How he escaped conviction for war crimes is something of a mystery, but Lohse seems to have attracted important alliesincluding, bizarrely, some of the American Monuments Men who interrogated him in Nurembergand he assembled a crack defence team for his trial. Gurlitt was behaving so nervously that the officer decided to take him into the bathroom to search him, and he found on his person an envelope containing 9,000 euros ($12,000) in crisp new bills. My Blog. But it took until February 28, 2012, for the warrant to finally be executed. The Gurlitts were a distinguished family of assimilated German Jews, with generations of artists and people in the arts going back to the early 19th century. The investigators became curious as to what was in apartment No. 2023 Cinemaholic Inc. All rights reserved. Then, on February 10, Austrian authorities found approximately 60 more pieces, including paintings by Monet, Renoir, and Picasso, in Corneliuss Salzburg house. Booth realized that they indicated the location where the Nazis built a secret bunker and stored everything they looted during World War II. He was an advisor to Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza, who established a museum in Lugano, Switzerland with his help. Nevertheless, he found himself as Hitler's art dealer, responsible for selling masterpieces the Nazis had stolen from Jews. To revist this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. 1 Artur-Kutscher-Platz, and Cornelius Gurlitts life as a recluse was over. Bruno Lohse, with SS insignia on his sweater, an unknown colleague and two women in occupied Paris. But they proceeded cautiously. . The problem, explains Wesley Fisher, director of research for the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, is that a great many people dont know what is missing from their collections., Cosmetics billionaire and longtime activist for the recovery of looted art Ronald Lauder called for the immediate release of the full inventory of the collection, as did Fisher, Anne Webber, founder and co-chair of the London-based Commission for Looted Art in Europe, and David Rowland, a New York lawyer representing the descendants of Curt Glaser. June 23, 2022. in Paintings. If he were, he would have sold the pictures long ago. He loved them. Booth's father's watch originally belonged to Zeich. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. The president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, Dieter Graumann, responded that the prosecutor should rethink his plans to return any of the works. Skilled art dealers were sought for the Nazis' newly founded business. He was a German cultural idealist. The loss of his pictures, he told zlem Gezer, Der Spiegels reporterit was the only interview he would granthit him harder than the loss of his parents, or his sister, who died of cancer in 2012. The chief prosecutors office made no public announcement of the seizure and kept the whole matter under tight wraps while it debated how to proceed. What he had had to do in the war was becoming more and more a fading memory. I thought I recognized Cornelius several times, waiting for the bus or nursing a weiss beer alone in a Brauhaus late in the morning, but they were other pale, frail, old white-haired men who looked just like him. The author, who was never investigated by police, says he received no compensation from the eventual restitution and sale of the painting. There is nothing in German law compelling Cornelius to give them back. Hitler sold his paintings almost exclusively to Jewish dealers: Morgenstern, Landsberger and Altenberg. In November, Bavarias newly appointed justice minister, Winfried Bausback, said, Everyone involved on the federal and state level should have tackled this challenge with more urgency and resources from the start. In February, a revision of the statute-of-limitations law, drawn up by Bausback, was presented to the upper house of Parliament. Cornelius has a chronic heart condition, which his doctor says has been acting up now more than usual, because of all the excitement. 34, No. Petropouloss research sheds important light on the post-war networks, radiating from Munich to Switzerland, Paris and even the US, that allowed Lohse to stay in business. After his fathers death, Booth found that watch inside one of his fathers desk drawers. You have to be aware that every work stolen from a Jew involved at least one death.. But the Nazis reneged on the deal. Kate Brown, October 24, 2019 The Arkell Museum in Canajoharie, New York. He was, the writer says, a skilled liar, dissimulator, and schemer. In the 400-page biography, Hoffmann recounts how Gurlitt worked to achieve the highest possible profit for the Nazis in his art deals. Share Article topics Art Crime Kate Brown Europe Editor All rights reserved. Soon after the Focus story broke, the media converged on No. Gradually the artworks became his entire world, a parallel universe full of horror, passion, beauty, and endless fascination, in which he was a spectator. In 1937, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, seeing the opportunity "to make some money from this garbage," created a commission to confiscate degenerate. Berggreen-Merkel said that transparency and progress are the urgent priorities, and that the confirmed Raubkunst was being put up on the governments Lost Art Database Web site as quickly as possible. As reported in Der Spiegel, after France fell, in 1940, Hildebrand went frequently to Paris, leaving his wife, Helene, and childrenCornelius, then eight, and his sister, Benita, who was two years youngerin Hamburg and taking up residence in the Hotel de Jersey or at the apartment of a mistress. 'Gurlitt Status Report: Nazi Art Theft and its Consequences', Bundeskunsthalle, Bonn until 11 March 2018; 'Gurlitt Status Report: Degenerate Art: confiscated and sold', Museum of Fine Arts, Bern, until 11 March 2018, Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies. German art dealer Hildebrand Gurlitt liked modern art. He gave back Gurlitts papers and money and let him return to his seat, but the customs officer flagged Cornelius Gurlitt for further investigation, and this would put into motion the explosive dnouement of a tragic mystery more than a hundred years in the making. Hermann Gring, a notorious looter, would end up with 1,500 pieces of Raubkunstincluding works by van Gogh, Munch, Gauguin, and Czannevalued at about $200 million after the war. So often the labels that describe the provenance of individual works in the Bonn show remain maddeningly inconclusive. What they didnt know was that Hildebrand had lied about his collection having been destroyed in Dresdenmuch of it had actually been hidden in a Franconia water mill and in another secret location, in Saxony.

Willy Adames Contract, Articles H