The French added to the existing immigrant population, then comprising about a third of the population of the city. In relative terms, this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to Britain. [citation needed] Mary returned to Scotland a widow, in the summer of 1561. The official policy of the Dutch East India governors was to integrate the Huguenot and the Dutch communities. Among the Huguenots who left were a group of families from northern France, located near Calais, and what is now southern Belgium. Some Huguenot families have kept alive various traditions, such as the celebration and feast of their patron Saint Nicolas, similar to the Dutch Sint Nicolaas (Sinterklaas) feast. Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins. Prince Louis de Cond, along with his sons Daniel and Osias,[citation needed] arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrcken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions. . After the 1534 Affair of the Placards,[37][38] however, he distanced himself from Huguenots and their protection. Gaspard de Coligny was among the first to fall at the hands of a servant of the Duke de . In 1840 there were 10 Hubert families living in Louisiana. Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot. Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style; and others moved to different areas. [42][43], The French Wars of Religion began with the Massacre of Vassy on 1 March 1562, when dozens[8] (some sources say hundreds[44]) of Huguenots were killed, and about 200 were wounded. [125] At the same time, the government released a special postage stamp in their honour reading "France is the home of the Huguenots" (Accueil des Huguenots). A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. Jeter French (Huguenot), German Jeter is a French and German surname. [100] In Wandsworth, their gardening skills benefited the Battersea market gardens. The first Huguenots arrived as early as 1671, when the first Huguenot refugee, Francois Villion (later Viljoen), arrived at the Cape. In 1628 the Huguenots established a congregation as L'glise franaise la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam). Concord, Erie Co, New York; Popular names: Briggs, Field, Bloodgood, Vaughan, Spaulding, Seymour This group of Huguenots from southern France had frequent issues with the strict Calvinist tenets that are outlined in many of John Calvin's letters to the synods of the Languedoc. The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. If you would like any more information, please email admin@huguenotmuseum.org or call on 01634 789 347. Many Walloon and Huguenot families were granted asylum there. At first he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Roman Catholicism. Their fourth child, Isaac Jr., was born in 1681, after the family moved to New . The Huguenots of the state opposed the monopoly of power the Guise family had and wanted to attack the authority of the crown. The Huguenots were French Protestants who were members of the Calvinist Reformed Church that was established in 1550. A number of New Amsterdam's families were of Huguenot origin, often having immigrated as refugees to the Netherlands in the previous century. The ties between Huguenots and the Dutch Republic's military and political leadership, the House of Orange-Nassau, which existed since the early days of the Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots in the Dutch Republic's colonies. Henry of Navarre and the House of Bourbon allied themselves to the Huguenots, adding wealth and territorial holdings to the Protestant strength, which at its height grew to sixty fortified cities, and posed a serious and continuous threat to the Catholic crown and Paris over the next three decades. Examples include: Blignaut, Cilliers, Cronje (Cronier), de Klerk (Le Clercq), de Villiers, du Plessis, Du Preez (Des Pres), du Randt (Durand), du Toit, Duvenhage (Du Vinage), Franck, Fouch, Fourie (Fleurit), Gervais, Giliomee (Guilliaume), Gous/Gouws (Gauch), Hugo, Jordaan (Jourdan), Joubert, Kriek, Labuschagne (la Buscagne), le Roux, Lombard, Malan, Malherbe, Marais, Maree, Minnaar (Mesnard), Nel (Nell), Naud, Nortj (Nortier), Pienaar (Pinard), Retief (Retif), Roux, Rossouw (Rousseau), Taljaard (Taillard), TerBlanche, Theron, Viljoen (Vilion) and Visagie (Visage). (It has been adapted as a restaurantsee illustration above. The English authorities welcomed the French refugees, providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation. The museum is situated on the second floor of the tourist information centre, and entry cost us 4.50 each fora ticket that is valid for a year. They hid them in secret places or helped them get out of Vichy France. The Huguenots responded by establishing independent political and military structures, establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers, and openly revolting against central power. The warfare was definitively quelled in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism in order to obtain the French crown, issued the Edict of Nantes. Of the refugees who arrived on the Kent coast, many gravitated towards Canterbury, then the county's Calvinist hub. ", "L'affaire des placards, la fin de la belle Renaissance", "18 octobre 1534: l'affaire des placards", "This Day in History 1572: Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre", Provisional Government of the French Republic, "Rise of 'neo-Protestantism' under Macron challenges traditional Catholic-secular approach to politics", "Welcome to The Huguenot Society of Australia", "Chronology French Church du Saint-Esprit", "French Huguenots and their descendants genealogy project", "Allocution de M. Franois Mitterrand, Prsident de la Rpublique, aux crmonies du tricentenaire de la Rvocation de l'Edit de Nantes, sur la tolrance en matire politique et religieuse et l'histoire du protestantisme en France, Paris, Palais de l'UNESCO, vendredi 11 octobre 1985", "Bayonne Online The first reference to Bayonne in history is in 1609 when Henry Hudson stopped there before proceeding on his journey up the river which would later bear his name. William formed the League of Augsburg as a coalition to oppose Louis and the French state. [French, from Old French huguenot, member of a Swiss political movement, alteration (influenced by Bezanson Hugues (c. Lachenicht, Susanne. [16] Hans J. Hillerbrand, an expert on the subject, in his Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set claims the Huguenot community reached as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 7 to 8% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685. Edward VI granted them the whole of the western crypt of Canterbury Cathedral for worship. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. But the light of the Gospel has made them vanish, and teaches us that these spirits were street-strollers and ruffians. In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Hans Hillerbrand wrote that on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community made up as much as 10% of the French population. The first wave took place between 1540 and 1590 and mainly concerned Geneva. Most of the cities in which the Huguenots gained a hold saw iconoclast riots in which altars and images in churches, and sometimes the buildings themselves torn down. Early ties were already visible in the Apologie of William the Silent, condemning the Spanish Inquisition, which was written by his court minister, the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers. [81] In colonial New York city they switched from French to English or Dutch by 1730.[82]. The Huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army: the Altpreuische Infantry Regiments No. The French Confession of 1559 shows a decidedly Calvinistic influence. [69] The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time.[70]. The Edict reaffirmed Roman Catholicism as the state religion of France, but granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains. It was in this year that some Huguenots destroyed the tomb and remains of Saint Irenaeus (d. 202), an early Church father and bishop who was a disciple of Polycarp. Below is a partial list of Huguenot Ancestors who relate to current Members of the Society. They were persecuted by Catholic France, and about 300,000 Huguenots fled France for England, Holland, Switzerland, Prussia, and the Dutch and English colonies in the Americas. French became the language of the educated elite and of the court at Potsdam on the outskirts of Berlin. As the Huguenots gained influence and displayed their faith more openly, Roman Catholic hostility towards them grew, even though the French crown offered increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration. They also found many French-speaking Calvinist churches there (which were called the "Walloon churches"). Louise de Coligny, daughter of the murdered Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, married William the Silent, leader of the Dutch (Calvinist) revolt against Spanish (Catholic) rule. You can see a list of Huguenot surnames at Huguenot-France.org and another list of those who migrated to the UK and Ireland at LibraryIreland. In 1654, additional grants were given and shelters were built as centers for trading with the Leni-Lennapes. [116] John Arnold Fleming wrote extensively of the French Protestant group's impact on the nation in his 1953 Huguenot Influence in Scotland,[117] while sociologist Abraham Lavender, who has explored how the ethnic group transformed over generations "from Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants", has analyzed how Huguenot adherence to Calvinist customs helped facilitate compatibility with the Scottish people.[118]. [33] Since the Huguenots had political and religious goals, it was commonplace to refer to the Calvinists as "Huguenots of religion" and those who opposed the monarchy as "Huguenots of the state", who were mostly nobles.[34]. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive. The Hubert family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. Services are still held there in French according to the Reformed tradition every Sunday at 3pm. [9] Reguier de la Plancha (d. 1560) in his De l'Estat de France offered the following account as to the origin of the name, as cited by The Cape Monthly: Reguier de la Plancha accounts for it [the name] as follows: "The name huguenand was given to those of the religion during the affair of Amboyse, and they were to retain it ever since. [citation needed], With the proclamation of the Edict of Nantes, and the subsequent protection of Huguenot rights, pressures to leave France abated. The Huguenots were French Protestants most of whom eventually came to follow the teachings of John Calvin, and who, due to religious persecution, were forced to flee France to other countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. I know . In France, Calvinists in the United Protestant Church of France and also some in the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine consider themselves Huguenots. They settled at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and New Netherland in North America. There is an aged carpenter here, 'La Combre,' of pure Huguenot descent, so that this name also, as well as another, 'Champ,' may be added to the list. [citation needed] Some of these immigrants moved to Norwich, which had accommodated an earlier settlement of Walloon weavers. FAQs; Blog; Past Newsletters; Scrapbook; Huguenot Names. The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands. The Pennsylvania-German, Volume 12 . Louisiana had the highest population of Hubert families in 1840. D.J.B. Rhetoric like this became fiercer as events unfolded, and eventually stirred up a reaction in the Catholic establishment. Helped establish the Scottish weaving trade. It is now an official symbol of the glise des Protestants rforms (French Protestant church). The Portuguese threatened their Protestant prisoners with death if they did not convert to Roman Catholicism. As both spoke French in daily life, their court church in the Prinsenhof in Delft held services in French. I.". It is now located at Soho Square. The surname Cordes is most commonly associated with Germany, Belgium, France and Spain. [68] A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique. But it was not until 31 December 1687 that the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. Prior to its establishment, Huguenots used the Cabbage Garden near the cathedral. VanRuymbeke, Bertrand and Sparks, Randy J., eds. It took French troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards, between 1702 and 1709. [76] Gradually they intermarried with their English neighbours. The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France. Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s. [citation needed] The greatest concentrations of Huguenots at this time resided in the regions of Guienne, Saintonge-Aunis-Angoumois and Poitou. Huguenot Memorial Park in Jacksonville, Florida. Of the refugees who arrived on the Kent coast, many gravitated towards Canterbury, then the . The French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550. While many American Huguenot groups worship in borrowed churches, the congregation in Charleston has its own church. . The French protestants, on the other hand, who had fled because of . They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. ", Kurt Gingrich, "'That Will Make Carolina Powerful and Flourishing': Scots and Huguenots in Carolina in the 1680s. O. I. Even before the Edict of Als (1629), Protestant rule was dead and the ville de sret was no more. A-B Adrian Agombar Ammonet Andr Annereau Appel Arabin Arbou/Harbou Arbouin Archinal Ardouin Armand Arnaud Asselin Auvache Avard Azire Bailhache Ballou Balmer/Balmier Baly Barben Barberie Bardin Barnier Barraud Barrett (Barr) Bartels Bartier/Bertier Bastet Baud Bdard Beehag (Behague) Beharell . Calvinists lived primarily in the Midi; about 200,000 Lutherans accompanied by some Calvinists lived in the newly acquired Alsace, where the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia effectively protected them. This ended legal recognition of Protestantism in France and the Huguenots were forced to either convert to Catholicism (possibly as Nicodemites) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent dragonnades. Place names and geographic features were commonly taken as surnames in Utrecht (e.g., van Doorn, van Schaik, van Vliet, and van den Brink). The government encouraged descendants of exiles to return, offering them French citizenship in a 15 December 1790 law: All persons born in a foreign country and descending in any degree of a French man or woman expatriated for religious reason are declared French nationals (naturels franais) and will benefit from rights attached to that quality if they come back to France, establish their domicile there and take the civic oath. Others still argue that the terms didn't originate from derogatory roots at all, with some of the Protestant faction claiming the opposite, that the Huguenots were named out of loyalty to the line of Hugues Capet, a medieval ancestor of the King who ruled six centuries before. [87] London financed the emigration of many to England and its colonies around 1700. gt I began Genealogy 35 years ago. Assimilated, the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life, especially as merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods. Many researchers are challenged by the following list of obstacles, including: His successor Louis XIII, under the regency of his Italian Catholic mother Marie de' Medici, was more intolerant of Protestantism. Gallicised into Huguenot, often used deprecatingly, the word became, during two and a half centuries of terror and triumph, a badge of enduring honour and courage. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia, where Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia (r.16491688), granted them special privileges (Edict of Potsdam of 1685) and churches in which to worship (such as the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermnde and the French Cathedral, Berlin). Skip Ancestry navigation Main Menu Home They organised their first national synod in 1558 in Paris.[40]. Gt. gt. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. Indeed, some of the Pettit names from the city of Metz and the other French provinces (dpartements) near the borders with Switzerland and Germany were Huguenots (Fr. While many family histories are given at length . Other descendents of Huguenots included Jack Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king; Reverend John Gano, a Revolutionary War chaplain and spiritual advisor to George Washington; Francis Marion; and a number of other leaders of the American Revolution and later statesmen. By 1562, the estimated number of Huguenots peaked at approximately two million, concentrated mainly in the western, southern, and some central parts of France, compared to approximately sixteen million Catholics during the same period. Due to the Huguenots' early ties with the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch patriciate are of part-Huguenot descent. Examples of Huguenot surnames are: Agombar, Beauchamp, Bosanquet, Boucher/Bouchar, Bruneau, Chapeau, Deschamps, Dupont, Du Preez/Pree, Lamerie, Lepage, Martin, Rondeaux, Vernier and Vincent. But in the reign of William and Mary, the largest number of foreign refugees were Naturalized in these countries, from 1689 to the 3rd July, 1701. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to 'little Hugos', or 'those who want Hugo'.[6]. A large monument to commemorate the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa was inaugurated on 7 April 1948 at Franschhoek. See my info below about how to contact Alsace-Lorraine, the two provinces where many Huguenots once lived. Barred by the government from settling in New France, Huguenots led by Jess de Forest, sailed to North America in 1624 and settled instead in the Dutch colony of New Netherland (later incorporated into New York and New Jersey); as well as Great Britain's colonies, including Nova Scotia. In the Dutch-speaking North of France, Bible students who gathered in each other's houses to study secretly were called Huis Genooten ("housemates") while on the Swiss and German borders they were termed Eid Genossen, or "oath fellows", that is, persons bound to each other by an oath. Another 4,000 Huguenots settled in the German territories of Baden, Franconia (Principality of Bayreuth, Principality of Ansbach), Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, Duchy of Wrttemberg, in the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts, in the Palatinate and Palatine Zweibrcken, in the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt), in modern-day Saarland; and 1,500 found refuge in Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony. [54][55] Beyond Paris, the killings continued until 3 October. Most came from northern France (Brittany, Normandy, and Picardy, as well as West Flanders (subsequently French Flanders), which had been annexed from the Southern Netherlands by Louis XIV in 1668-78[83]). L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit in New York, founded in 1628, is older, but it left the French Reformed movement in 1804 to become part of the Episcopal Church. Most Cordes families in the United States come from Germany but many of them have family histories that claim French or Spanish origins. [14][15], The issue of demographic strength and geographical spread of the Reformed tradition in France has been covered in a variety of sources. He called this tip of the peninsula which jutted out into Newark Bay, "Bird's Point". We visited Karlshafen in 1996 and again in 2008. In this last connection, the name could suggest the derogatory inference of superstitious worship; popular fancy held that Huguon, the gate of King Hugo,[7] was haunted by the ghost of le roi Huguet (regarded by Roman Catholics as an infamous scoundrel) and other spirits. [13], The Huguenot cross is the distinctive emblem of the Huguenots (croix huguenote). "[62], Foreign descendants of Huguenots lost the automatic right to French citizenship in 1945 (by force of the Ordonnance n 45-2441 du 19 octobre 1945, which revoked the 1889 Nationality Law). These were especially poor wretches living in desperate circumstances or mercenaries who had been unemployed since the end of the 30 years war. [74] Upon their arrival in New Amsterdam, Huguenots were offered land directly across from Manhattan on Long Island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbour at the end of Newtown Creek, becoming the first Europeans to live in Brooklyn, then known as Boschwick, in the neighbourhood now known as Bushwick. Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry. Some of their descendants moved into the Deep South and Texas, where they developed new plantations. [32], Although usually Huguenots are lumped into one group, there were actually two types of Huguenots that emerged. This was about 21% of all the recorded Hubert's in USA. The Pennsylvania-German, Volume 5 Full view - 1904. Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where weavers' windows survive on the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. He was regarded by the Gallicians as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. Although services are conducted largely in English, every year the church holds an Annual French Service, which is conducted entirely in French using an adaptation of the Liturgies of Neufchatel (1737) and Vallangin (1772). Through the 18th and 19th centuries, descendants of the French migrated west into the Piedmont, and across the Appalachian Mountains into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states. [22] A few families went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec. [16] During the same period there were some 1,400 Reformed churches operating in France. Now, it happens that those whom they called Lutherans were at that time so narrowly watched during the day that they were forced to wait till night to assemble, for the purpose of praying God, for preaching and receiving the Holy Sacrament; so that although they did not frighten nor hurt anybody, the priests, through mockery, made them the successors of those spirits which roam the night; and thus that name being quite common in the mouth of the populace, to designate the evangelical huguenands in the country of Tourraine and Amboyse, it became in vogue after that enterprise. Frenchtown in New Jersey bears the mark of early settlers.[22]. Stadtholder William III of Orange, who later became King of England, emerged as the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. 24 July, A.D. 1550. The crown, occupied by the House of Valois, generally supported the Catholic side, but on occasion switched over to the Protestant cause when politically expedient. The Huguenots were concentrated in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. The 1709ers would have worshipped in this church that was by that time already nearly 600 years old. He was a pastor. If you contact us without visiting the Museum the charge is 35 for up to two hours research, though we will discuss the likelihood of Huguenot ancestry with you, before taking your payment. The Huguenots of religion were influenced by John Calvin's works and established Calvinist synods. Guided Examen Script, Macquarie Private Infrastructure Fund, Stefon Diggs Dynasty Trade Value, Remo Williams: The Adventure Continues, Michel Roux Jr Pissaladiere, Revere, Ma Zoning Dimensional Requirements, Princess Patter Enchanted Princess, [79], The Huguenots originally spoke French on their arrival in the American colonies, but after two or three generations, they had switched to English. The Conds established a thriving glass-making works, which provided wealth to the principality for many years. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622. The Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. Our research is done by experienced and dedicated . Huguenots intermarried with Dutch from the outset. The Manakintown Episcopal Church in Midlothian, Virginia serves as a National Huguenot Memorial. [63] It states in article 3: "This application does not, however, affect the validity of past acts by the person or rights acquired by third parties on the basis of previous laws. A fort, named Fort Coligny, was built to protect them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian natives. He died on 6 May 2001, in Cudahy, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, at the age of 70, and was buried in Cudahy, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Bette Davis (1908-1989), American actress, descended from the Huguenot Favor family on her mother's side. There is a Huguenot society in London, as well as a. Huguenots of Spitalfields is a registered charity promoting public understanding of the Huguenot heritage and culture in Spitalfields, the City of London and beyond. Huguenot Trails. With the precedent of a historical alliancethe Auld Alliancebetween Scotland and France; Huguenots were mostly welcomed to, and found refuge in the nation from around the year 1700. Consequently, many Huguenots considered the wealthy and Calvinist-controlled Dutch Republic, which also happened to lead the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Devoted to the history, biography, genealogy, poetry, folk-lore and general interests of the Pennsylvania Germans and their descendants. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace, Moselle, and Montbliard, were mainly Lutherans. Many settlers in Russia were French, or came from French-speaking areas of Europe. After revoking the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots civil rights, in October 1685, Louis XIV forbade them to leave France on pain of imprisonment, torture and death. Soon, they became enraged with the Dutch trading tactics, and drove out the settlers. See our Huguenot Surname Cross Surname and Variations -- Christian Name Ag / Agee / Oage -- Matthieu Allaire -- Alexandre Alle / Alley / Alie / Alyer / d'Ailly -- Nicolas Are you a descendant of a Huguenot Family? "Huguenot Immigrants and the Formation of National Identities, 15481787". The Huguenots (/hjunts/ HEW-g-nots, also UK: /-noz/ -nohz, French:[y()no]) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. In the Manakintown area, the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River and Huguenot Road were named in their honour, as were many local features, including several schools, including Huguenot High School. Trim, . A Huguenot cemetery is located in the centre of Dublin, off St. Stephen's Green. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the city. Following the French crown's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, many Huguenots settled in Ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland. Joan Crawford (1905-1977), American actress, descended from the Huguenots, Dr Pierre Chastain and Chretien DuBois, on her father's side.
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